Waterlogging risk assessment of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in the past 60 years

The risk of urban waterlogging is increasing with global climate change and rapid urbanization, especially for agglomeration like Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. In this study, we obtain the index BTH considering hazard, exposure, vulnerability factors, assess risks in built-up area two periods (1961–1990 1991–2019). We analyze economic social data as well from 149 meteorological observation stations Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei provinces. results showed that considered periods, lowest (level 1) has decreased by nearly 50%, second-lowest 2) ones have increased 55%. Although higher 17%, difference among each city quite large. Among them, areas at level 3 52% 51% Beijing Handan, respectively. During years 1991–2019, above are mainly found Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Xingtai. highest risk. particular, 76% past 30 years. 4) were mostly downtown (Haidian, Chaoyang, Dongcheng, Xicheng districts). This study provides a scientific background management implementation national regional strategy development